![]() ![]() One gene ( lin-14) was a protein-coding gene, as expected the biological activity of the other gene (lin-4, which represses lin-14) was unexpectedly caused by a short RNA molecule rather than a protein. As an early example, while studying genes responsible for developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans, the Ambros and Ruvkun groups identified two genes, lin-4 and lin-14, as necessary for appropriate development ( 90, 184). This understanding is built in part on discoveries in which genes for ncRNAs (rather than protein-coding genes) were identified as master regulators of certain biological phenomena. The much broader scope of ncRNA-directed activities, including regulation of chromatin, is now widely appreciated. The roles of the first ncRNAs discovered involved RNA translation and RNA processing (reviewed in 25). Non-protein-coding RNA transcripts (ncRNAs) have been known to regulate gene expression since the advent of molecular biology. LESSONS FROM EARLY DISCOVERIES OF NONCODING RNAs We emphasize areas where challenges remain and where consensus among laboratories has underscored the exciting ways in which human lncRNAs may affect chromatin biology. ![]() In this review, we examine the definition, discovery, functions, and mechanisms of lncRNAs. Although little is known about the biochemical mechanisms of these lncRNAs, there is a developing consensus regarding the challenges of defining lncRNA function and mechanism. There has been dramatic growth in studies focused on the nuclear roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Indeed, this idea is supported by well-established examples of noncoding RNAs that affect chromatin structure and function. RNA is transcribed in the nucleus, so it is logical that RNA could play diverse and broad roles that would impact human physiology. Less clear are the upstream roles of RNA in regulating transcription and chromatin-based processes in the nucleus. HyperTRANSCRIBE is available for Windows or OS X for US$99, when they get it added to their store.Beyond coding for proteins, RNA molecules have well-established functions in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Once installed, the free version has all of its features fully enabled except the Save, Export, Copy, and Paste commands are disabled and drag and drop from HyperTRANSCRIBE to other programs is disabled. You may download HyperTRANSCRIBE for free. You can export as plain text to use in any program, or Rich Text Format to preserve style information like bold, italics, font size, etc. When you’re done transcribing you can export your transcription for use in other programs. Between sessions the program remembers which file was being transcribed and where the current selection is, so you can pick up where you were when continuing on. HyperTRANSCRIBE keeps track of the current number of characters, words and paragraphs in the transcription. Playback can be looped for review-as-you-go. Users can assign start and end times for a portion of the file in a single keystroke, and advance in segments the user is comfortable with. ![]() When the file is open, control of playback is available using keystrokes so hands never leave the keyboard. HyperTRANSCRIBE opens anything QuickTime opens on Windows or Macintosh such as MP3, AIFF, WAV, MPEG, AVI, MOV, and many other media file types. HyperTRANSCRIBE is a piece of new software designed to ease the process of transcribing video and audio files. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |